To invoke SharePoint Online REST services from automated client that is running outside SharePoint context itself, you have 2 options for authentication:
- Via OAuth 2.0; this requires to administer an SharePoint Add-In as endpoint (see post Access SharePoint Online using Postman for an outline of this approach)
- Via SAML2.0; against the STS of your tenant
The steps for the SAML2.0 approach are excellent outlined in post SharePoint Online Active Authentication; no need for me to repeat that here. However, a peculiarity I observed is that the handling is not only very picky on the correct messaging formats for respectively getting the 'SAML:assertion' from your STS [step 2], and next the 'wsse:BinarySecurityToken' [step 3]; but it is also very picky on the exact url with which to request the SPOIDCRLToken cookie [step 4]. I created a code snippet in Javascript standalone 'application', and although followed all steps; I ran eventually in an HTTP 401 Unauthorized. While executing via the PowerShell from above post I did get the cookie returned; so definitely working. Comparing the code very closely I identified the troublemaker: the call to <tenant>/idcrl.svc must be with ending backslash: <tenant>/idcrl.svc/. Without that, the call returns 401; with the ending backslash, the SharePoint Online Active Authentication also successful works from a.o. external Javascript (e.g. SAPUI5) application context.
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